It's really difficult. Unlike floppy disks, where you tell the drive to seek and get back raw magnetic pulses (so you can produce raw flux images), or hard disks where you tell the drive to read an arbitrary sector and get a blob of data (so you can produce sector-level images), the protocol for talking to a CD ROM involves asking for track/sector addresses, which means you have to trust the drive to interpret all the track metadata and error-correction for you - you generally can't just dump the "raw" data and do the interpretation yourself.
That's why the most robust CD image format is the BIN/CUE format. The BIN file contains all the sectors the drive allows us to read, the CUE file contains the disc metadata as interpreted for us by the drive firmware.
There are some drives which support extra "raw read" commands, but they're incredibly rare and consequently in great demand by CD preservation projects like redump.org.
Some people have used the contents of BIN/CUE data to reconstruct what should actually be on the disk, but that's not quite the same thing. Here's a great explanation of the CD structure in all its complexity:
Even BIN/CUE is not enough. It cannot store subchannel data like CD+G and is only able to hold a single session which breaks bluebook CDs with audio and data.
We do not currently have a widely supported CD standard for storing data from a CD that can properly hold all data. Aaru [0] is close, but still has to output back to other formats like BIN/CUE to use the contents of the disc.
Apparently makemkv forum members created some patched firmware that lets you raw read BRs for the sake of extracting metadata that’s intentionally hidden for DRM. Though I’ll have to recheck my understanding since you’re saying you can’t actually raw read disks anyway
That's why the most robust CD image format is the BIN/CUE format. The BIN file contains all the sectors the drive allows us to read, the CUE file contains the disc metadata as interpreted for us by the drive firmware.
There are some drives which support extra "raw read" commands, but they're incredibly rare and consequently in great demand by CD preservation projects like redump.org.
Some people have used the contents of BIN/CUE data to reconstruct what should actually be on the disk, but that's not quite the same thing. Here's a great explanation of the CD structure in all its complexity:
https://github.com/higan-emu/emulation-articles/tree/master/...