> A low repetition scheme with heavy loads (from 1 to 5 repetitions per set with 80% to 100% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM)) optimizes strength increases.
> A moderate repetition scheme with moderate loads (from 8 to 12 repetitions per set with 60% to 80% of 1RM) optimizes hypertrophic gains.
> A high repetition scheme with light loads (15+ repetitions per set with loads below 60% of 1RM) optimizes local muscular endurance improvements.
One must also be clear on what one means when "build muscle" is said, as there are different types:
> Human muscle fibers are generally classified by myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms characterized by slow to fast contractile speeds. Type I, or slow-twitch fibers, are seen in high abundance in elite endurance athletes, such as long-distance runners and cyclists. Alternatively, fast-twitch IIa and IIx fibers are abundant in elite power athletes, such as weightlifters and sprinters.
One can train to be 'bulky' to compete in bodybuilding competitions but not be as strong as someone who trains to be strong for powerlifting competitions, yet both have 'built muscle'.
> One can train to be 'bulky' to compete in bodybuilding competitions but not be as strong as someone who trains to be strong for powerlifting competitions, yet both have 'built muscle'.
What’s often missing from this point is that the strength of power lifters comes from technique and CNS adaptation. They train to be strong at just three specific movements. Any pro bodybuilder who refocused their efforts into powerlifting would quite quickly be putting up impressive numbers.
Impressive but not record-setting or even really competitive in most cases. Powerlifting and Olympic lifting success depends on skeletal structure- for various lifts that's things like arm length, hip width, upper torso to lower torso proportions. These things count for and against you in various lifts and go to mechanical leverage advantage.
This accounts for the frequent success over the years of little people in the lightest weight classes and the similarity of champions' appearances.
To speak to just one lift, in general the narrower the hips, the stronger the person has to be to squat the same weight. What squat aspirants want is wide hips that transmit the power being generated up through the torso in a straight line.
Deadlift would-bes want short torsos and long arms, a mid-80s lefter named Lamar Gant being the clearest expression of this type of physique.
And so on and so forth. Bodybuilders want impossibly narrow hips accompanied by impossibly broad shoulders.
> Any pro bodybuilder who refocused their efforts into powerlifting would quite quickly be putting up impressive numbers.
This seems interesting. Do you know of an example of a pro bodybuilder who turned to powerlifting? I wonder how their total muscle mass would change/redistribute.
I don't know about pro bodybuilders who completely turned to powerlifting, there must be examples but not any that I know of.
There are plenty of examples of bodybuilders who also took powerlifting movements quite seriously. For example, here's Ronnie Coleman deadlifting 800lb: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYm7SJn_6ZI
There are plenty of people on steroids who don't get impressive results, you will find dozens in your local gym. To be truly impressive you need a combination of steroids, hard work and excellent genetics.
It gives you 10-25% advantage. That is not an "edge".
An "edge" IMO is something that gets you a 1% advantage ... maybe ... at the top end of competition.
The problematic aspects if PEDs isn't that they are a minor advantage. A 10% advantage in top athletics is game over for non-PED users.
Steroids are mostly equivalent to EPO in terms of advantage it provides to top end competition: as in there isn't one. If the next 1000 athletes in ability dope with steroids (fast twitch) or EPO (slow twitch) but the top naturally gifted athlete doesn't, guess what rank he'll be in the world? Probably in the 100-200 range, fighting to barely stay in the top pro ranks.
If the PED gives your competitors a 20% advantage? Maybe you're an ok starter in Division 1 NCAA or a second-tier pro league.
its way more than an edge imo. You get bigger/stronger faster, regenerate faster, have more libido and energy. All of those affect ones motivation to workout
This separation of the size of a muscle, specifically, the cross-section of an individual muscle's fibers, on a single individual from those same fibers' strength is new information to the world, if true.
On a single individual, a muscle's size varies in direct, though not linear, proportion to its strength and visa-versa.
Between individuals of course a smaller muscle may be stronger than the same muscle on another individual.
Previous understanding was hypertrophy happened and as a consequence the muscle was stronger and, visa-versa, a muscle was stronger when hypertrophy happened and the two were consistently and directly related.
But what this research is saying is that, for a given unit of hypertrophy, there can be varying amounts of strength increase, depending on what type of training effected that hypertrophy.
Powerlifters who train for strength generally train low-rep, high-weight progressive overload programs and often end up with very dense musculature, while bodybuilders prioritize high-rep sets for large amounts of total volume, which produces relatively more muscle size but not necessarily superior muscle density. The two modes of training produce different hypertrophic effects.
> It appears, though, that bodybuilders, relying on a high repetition training system, in contrast to Olympic weight- and power lifters, display a small increase in number of capillaries per fiber.
> Bodybuilders, as opposed to Olympic weight lifters, power lifters, or other power athletes, tend to display a relatively high percentage of slow switch fibers.
but that observation is consistent with the prevailing beliefs of powerlifters v bodybuilders on weight v volume for strength v hypertrophy, both get strong and both get big, but Powerlifters prioritising strength lift heavier weights at lower reps (1 - 6 reps to failure or near). Bodybuilders prioritising hypertrophy lift only slightly lower weights than powerlifters at slightly higher reps (e.g 6+ reps a set to failure or near)
(source, random opinions of gym bros and sisters at doherty's and derrimut gyms)
At a certain point, relatively little exercise (a single lifting session per week, regular walking) is remarkably effective at retaining overall strength and muscle mass. Senior lifter and bodybuilder Clarance Bass, now in his late 80s (born 1937) has followed this regime for the past few decades.
I think he covers this somewhere on his website, though I wasn't able to track that down looking for it just now. You or others are welcome to read it:
I'll note that Bass doesn't claim that this is the only training modality, and peak-career bodybuilders will train differently. But for the general public, particularly in later years, it can be quite effective.
If there's one scourge of fitness discussions, it's a One True Way or Best Exercise fixation. People, goals, potentials, and available resources vary considerably.
"Doing four sets didn’t produce notably bigger strength gains than one set" - direct quote.
Which is, frankly, complete bollocks. Maybe it can produce CNS gains sufficient to lift the maximum your muscles are capable of (basically newbie gains), but no serious competition lifter is going into the gym, doing one set of squats, one of bench, one of deads, and then going home.
True, this is the experiment they did in the original paper:
> Eighty-five older individuals [41M/44F, age = 68 ± 4 yr; body mass index (BMI) = 26.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2] had one leg randomly allocated to a single (1)-set and the contralateral leg allocated to four sets of unilateral knee-extension RT at 8-15 repetition maximum (RM) for 10-wk 2 days/wk. Pre- and postintervention, participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and unilateral knee-extension 1-RM strength testing.
Which, okay, it's old people who will get fatigued quickly and their recovery will be worse. Looks like some of them got tired and didn't recover well, while for others more sets were better because they recovered well, so when averaging those out this result is seems pretty believable, but I wouldn't generalize it to everyone.
My takeaway is if you get really exhausted/tired lifting, and you're doing 5 sets of 5 reps or 3 sets of 5 like you did when you were younger, maybe try 1 set of 5 instead, and you might find you recover better for the next lifting session. I personally have gone from 5 sets to 3 sets of my max weight a while ago because of exhaustion.
> Physical strength is the most important thing in life. This is true whether we want it to be or not. As humanity has developed throughout history, physical strength has become less critical to our daily existence, but no less important to our lives. Our strength, more than any other thing we possess, still determines the quality and the quantity of our time here in these bodies. ... A weak man is not as happy as that same man would be if he were strong. This reality is offensive to some people who would like the intellectual or spiritual to take precedence. It is instructive to see what happens to these very people as their squat strength goes up.
- Mark Rippetoe, from Starting Strength
I've always loved this first paragraph of the book for how direct it is. Agree or disagree, that's fine, I'm not saying this is an incontrovertible truth or endorsing it necessarily. Just nice to see someone state their priors so unambiguously.
Rippetoe should be required reading for anybody interested in strength training. I amusingly love his literal 60-page chapter on squatting alone.
More seriously, I observed many times that the moment of starting to loose their muscle strength was the start of the end for older people. It is well known that, for example, older people who break their hips don't survive for too long...
> Eighty-five older individuals [41M/44F, age = 68 ± 4 yr; body mass index (BMI) = 26.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2] had one leg randomly allocated to a single (1)-set and the contralateral leg allocated to four sets of unilateral knee-extension RT at 8-15 repetition maximum (RM) for 10-wk 2 days/wk.
The participants are old and it seems the rep range was not strictly controlled nor was weight or RPE. I can't confirm it though since the full study is paywalled.
> A moderate repetition scheme with moderate loads (from 8 to 12 repetitions per set with 60% to 80% of 1RM) optimizes hypertrophic gains.
> A high repetition scheme with light loads (15+ repetitions per set with loads below 60% of 1RM) optimizes local muscular endurance improvements.
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7927075/
One must also be clear on what one means when "build muscle" is said, as there are different types:
> Human muscle fibers are generally classified by myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms characterized by slow to fast contractile speeds. Type I, or slow-twitch fibers, are seen in high abundance in elite endurance athletes, such as long-distance runners and cyclists. Alternatively, fast-twitch IIa and IIx fibers are abundant in elite power athletes, such as weightlifters and sprinters.
* https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8473039/
* https://blog.nasm.org/fitness/understanding-fast-twitch-vs-s...
One can train to be 'bulky' to compete in bodybuilding competitions but not be as strong as someone who trains to be strong for powerlifting competitions, yet both have 'built muscle'.