This isn't Hetzner's own cable, and it's not just "any" cable - it's an Alcatel-Lucent + Cinia + EU project, with 150 terabits worth of bandwidth. It's a high profile target, but it's just as likely that it's just an anchor accident.
Neither, it's shared ownership. It's similar to if you buy a house with your partner: neither of you owns specific rooms, but you own the whole thing together. There's likely agreements about which fibers (there's 8 fiber pairs in the cable) and/or how much bandwidth everyone can use, though.
Well, cost for one. If that fiber isn't being used it's a terrible investment. But more generally it's probably not needed. The bandwidth of optical fibre is theoretically unlimited. A single fibre carries many wavelengths, a wave length is like a channel. This is known as DWDM(dense wave division multiplexing.) A single wavelength commonly caries 100 Gbs. Although recently advances have shown 700 Gbs for a single wavelength[1]. The number of wavelengths and hence bandwidth depends on the transmission gear used on both ends of the cable. You can upgrade the bandwidth by upgrading the transmission gear. The state of the art for years has been 8 pair systems but more recently developments have produced 24 and 36 pair systems.
Look up how DWDM works; they don't need more than 8. The optical gear that goes on land, keeps getting more capable of driving ever more bandwidth over the same fiber...
So if they only have specific wavelengths, how do they keep them in the pie slice of cable they own? I just realized they likely don't own a cylindrical section of it somewhere because the light has to go in and out of it, only thing that makes sense is the long pie slice.
u/Denvercoder9 mentioned that there are 8 strands of fiber in this particular cable. Each strand can host multiple wavelengths of light, that do not really interfere with each other. There are different ways of dividing up the usable frequency range; here's a site with some examples: http://www.3coptics.com/News/11.html (Remember, light has a frequency & a wavelength. Human vision covers wavelengths from around 400 nm (nanometers, the UV end) to 700 nm (the IR end)).
The beams of laser light sent down a fiber strand have a wavelength (a central wavelength), and a width. The beam essentially needs exclusive ownership of wavelength ± width. The diagrams on the linked page show how channels are separated to give each channel a set width.
So, when an entity owns a part of a cable, they own a set of wavelengths, likely one or more contiguous blocks of wavelengths, that they can use for whatever. All owners will pay (probably based on the % of wavelengths they control) for a company to operate the cable (running the stations at each end, where the wavelengths are split out on to separate fibers for each owner). The owners will also pay for another company to do repairs as needed.
There's no way to own a physical "slice" of fiber optic cable. The wavelengths all travel together, and there are optical splitters/combiners at each end that separate/combine the wavelengths of light. Think of them like TV and radio broadcasts. Each station broadcasts on it's own frequency (wavelength) over the shared air (fiber).
A metaphor with light would be if you had two lights, one red and one blue. If you shine them both at the same spot, you'll see purple. If you put a prism in that spot, it'll split the red and blue light back out separately. At a very high level, that's what happens with fiber optics.
When I lived in Cayman, the main fiber link (Maya-1[0]) was down for about a week (anchor drag, I think). Most of the island Caribbean has limited backup connectivity. The whole island only has one fiber line (around the whole western/southern Gulf of Mexico) and a crappy backup copper line to Jamaica. For a while, it was like being on a modem again. Forget about streaming anything.
This outage Hetzner is reporting isn't a big deal due to robust backups, but these things can cripple a small island outpost.
Bitten by a shark, or snagged on a russian submarine? Whichever the case, I just ran an ansible deployment over our cluster that's spread over their Frankfurt and Helsinki datacenters, and I didn't notice any difference. I guess that's to be expected, their line between those datacenters is just an optimization, the internet is still functioning as it always is and maybe Hetzner gets a slightly larger egress bill from their ISP as the inter-dc traffic gets rerouted the general internet.
> Global Pandemic? Check
> Transnational Giga Companies controlling the world? Check
> Military Dolphins? Check
> Smuggling Gigabytes of Data via Implants? Not yet.
I rate the current situation as a strong 3/4 Johnny Mnemonics!
I imagined it'd too impractical to bury them in case they need repairs, but apparently they're buried at least in some cases.
According to [1], a plough is dragged along the ocean floor behind the cable laying ship. The plough digs a trench that the cables are fed into. I can't really tell from the pictures whether the trench is covered back up.
[2] shows a really cool animation. Apparently ploughs like these can bury cables 2-3 meters into the ocean floor, and use a jet of water to help dig. Good stuff.
Happens quite often to subsea cables. I was renting a number of them and every now and again you'd get a break. You can follow the NOC's update emails:
> to fix a deep water cable, the ship has to use a grapnel, which grabs and cuts the cable, dragging the two loose ends to the surface. If needed, one end can then be hooked to a buoy and the other end brought on board. Cable has to be added to make the repair, since there is not enough slack to bring the cable up and cut a piece out. After the cable is retrieved and on board, in a repair room that looks like a laboratory, engineers repair the cable. Data cables can take up to 16 hours to repair, after which they are lowered back down to the sea bed in an omega or hairpin pattern to accommodate the extra length. There is new technology in development that would make in situ repair possible for power cables, preventing the need to pull the cables up to the surface.
You find the ends, pick them up, and there's a kit that can fuse the ends to your new piece. I'm not sure about the details, but I think there are repeaters on the wire that need to be added as well.
Yes, commonly there are high-voltage cables in there.
Nowadays, for shorter runs (that are still long enough to need repeaters) there are also purely optical repeaters where instead separate fiber strands deliver light from a pump laser.
For submarine cables, there aren't that many strands, so getting it right is probably worth it, for terrestrial fiber, there may be 100+ strands, so they usually can sort things out at the ends, and I think you just fuse any strand to any strand. Sometimes, only some strands break and you can reallocate strands by priority until the cable can be fixed.
Strands in a bundle would likely have color coded sheaths. As long as you're not colorblind, it's pretty straightforward matching what gets spliced where.
> Hetzner Online GmbH, the first major Central European provider of data center services to construct a new data center park in Finland, is also a user and co-investor in the Cinia CLion1 cable connection.
> Recovery of the service is in progress
(Last update: 2022-05-24 05:49 UTC+0)
> There is currently an ongoing fibercut at our subsea cable. Our cable provider is working on fixing this.
There is currently no ETA.
(Last update: 2022-05-23 14:09 UTC+0)
When something like this happens, does the traffic get distributed on other operational fibers that have sufficient unused bandwidth or do the operators fire up some dark fibers to carry the load? Or maybe it’s both?
It depends. Generally the larger carriers and consumers of fibers have a network that is able to route around outages (fiber cuts like this are basically routine) just the same as on land. If they don't have enough, then they'll need to either reduce demand or rent some capacity from someone else.
Yeah there's special tech for that! Has something to do with sending some frequency over the line and measuring how long it takes to "reflect" off of the breakage and back to the shore.
In the non-optical domain, that used to be a feature in the most expensive cable measuring gears (to the tune of €25k about 20 years ago).
I had the pleasure of using one of the devices that had that when I wired my old house. Borrowed the kit from ... an institution that allowed me to get their gear for a weekend. (Yes, I knew people in there.) Having the device tell me that a given strand in a CAT5e cable was faulty at <this many meters> from my location made it surprisingly easy to detect where I'd messed up.
I was going to say that this was invented by none other than Heaviside, but it turns out his technique relied on static resistance measurement to find the cable fault. Similar concept though. And in 1861!
This video explains and show the same concept for copper cables in a very simple and hands on way:
"Cheap and simple TDR using an oscilloscope and 74AC14 Schmitt Trigger Inverter"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cP6w2odGUc
Some NICs and managed switches can do it as well. Well, I should say that most can do it (as in the hardware is capable) but only some actually expose the functionality.
These used to be big, expensive, standalone devices (I'd occasionally use one in a previous job). Nowadays, there are portable, handheld units specifically for identifying where a break has occurred and the same, basic functionality is often even built into the gear used at either end of connections (e.g., even the "enterprise" switches -- from Brocade and Cisco -- that I use at home).
It's one big cable with eight individual fibers. But they aren't fused by divers, the cable will be brought to the surface and fused onboard the repair ship.
That's pretty much what happens but no amount of routing can make up for the loss of capacity when you physically take out a part of the network. You end up with less total available bandwidth and more latency.
It is, and a cut like this rarely causes a complete outage, but it depends on whether and what kind of backup connectivity your ISP has, and the connectivity of your destination. Bigger entities tend to have more backups. Smaller entities tend to have fewer backups, and often the backups are much lower bandwidth/quality, so it's typical for service to degrade.
