There's a very good article [0] that makes rounds here very now and then. It gives a very good explanation of many of those concepts, while remaining understandable for those that haven't taken CPU design courses.

[0] http://www.lighterra.com/papers/modernmicroprocessors/

Edit: It'd be great a 2019 refresh (last update is from 2016) talking about Ryzen and the newer Intel designs.