English speaking world has developed intuition about strings due to ASCII which simply fails when it comes to Unicode and that basically explains a lot of these pitfalls.
String length when defined #2 is also fairly complex when it comes to some languages such as Hindi. There are some symbols in Hindi which are not characters and can never exist as their own character but when placed next to a character they create a new character. So when you type them out on a keyboard you have to bit two keys but only one character will appear on screen. Unicode too represents this as two separate characters but for human eye it is one.
I would consider ligatures a text rendering concept, which allows for but is distinct from the linguistic concept described by GP.
Edit: to further illustrate my point, in the ligatures I'm familiar with (including the ones in your link), the component characters exist standalone and can be used on their own, unlike GP's example.
In the example "Straße", the ß is, in fact, derived from an ancient ligature for sz.
Old German fonts often had s as ſ, and z as ʒ. This ſʒ eventually became ß.
We (completely?) lost ſ and ʒ over the years, but ß was here to stay.
Its usage changed heavily over time (replacing ss instead of sz), I think for the last time in the 90s (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1...), where we changed when to use ß and when ss.
So while we do replace ß with ss if we uppercase or have no ß available on the keyboard, no one would ever replace ß by sz (or even ſʒ) today, unless for artistic or traditional reasons.
Many people uppercase ß with lowercase ß or, for various reasons, an uppercase B. I have yet to see a real world example of an uppercase ẞ, it does not seem to exist outside of the internet.
For example, "Straße" could be seen capitalized in the wild as STRAßE, STRASSE, STRABE, with Unicode it could also be STRAẞE. It would not be capitalized with sz (STRASZE) or even ſʒ (STRAſƷE – there is no uppercase ſ) – at least not in Germany. In Austria, sz seeems to be an option.
So, for most ligatures I would agree with you, but specifically ß is one of those ligatures I would call an outlier, at least in Germany.
P.S.: Maybe the ampersand (&), which is derived from ligatures of the latin "et", has sometimes similar problems, alhough on a different level, since it replaces a whole word. However, I have seen it being used as part of "etc.", as in "&c." (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%26c.), so your point might also hold.
P.P.S.: I wonder why the uppercasing in the original post did not use ẞ, but I guess it is because of the rules in https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/SpecialCasing.... (link taken from the feed). The wikipedia entry says we adopted the capital ẞ in 2017 (but it is part of unicode since 2008). It also states that the replacement SZ should be used if the meaning would otherwise get lost (e.g. "in Maßen" vs. "in Massen" would both be "IN MASSEN" but mean either "in moderate amounts" or "in masses", forcing the first to be capitalized as MASZEN). I doubt any programming language or library handles this. I would not have even handled it myself in a manual setting, as it is such an extreme edge case. And I when I read it, I would stumble over it.
Javascript's minimal library is of course not great, but there are libraries which can help, e.g. grapheme-splitter, although it's not language-aware by design, so in this instance it'll return 2.
We even already had something like this in pure ASCII: "a\bc" has "length" 3 but appears as one glyph when printed (assuming your terminal interprets backspace).
Only if they had told the city official that they were planing to cook meth and sell it on streets then these inspectors would have totally turned a line eye on this little operation.
The long story short the couple should hire the right contractor who has the city officials on take and things will go smoothly
What I would have preferred is that Canada removing the burden off the taxi companies and let them give competition to Uber in innovation space instead of trying to bribe politicians to act as gatekeepers.
Have you ever been to Bangkok? I can just pay $1, hop on the back of a moto idling outside the skytrain station, and off we go lanesplitting through traffic straight to my office 2km away.
It's amazing and would be so illegal on so many levels in Canada (where I spend $1000/mo on transportation).
I don't follow. It only cost $2 a day to take the moto taxi between the office and the Skytrain. What kind of moto can you buy for $60-$120? And that's not taking into consideration parking requirements and the extra time it takes to drive all the way from home instead of doing most of the distance on the Skytrain.
The real problem with most american cities is that there isn't that much crime yet the politicians feel the need to fight non-existent unfightable crime by making our lives miserable. California could have lead the way in offering good solutions for homelessness, mental illness, drug war, school choice etc. but yet it pushes for more and more nazi styled policies.
This might be just an oriental way of living. I am not sure why researchers are hell bent on classifying almost anything as some kind of mental issue. I frequently stepped out of workspace to grab a hot coffee and my psychologist friend told me that drinking hot beverages frequently is a person's way of coping to the lack of emotional warmth in life by replacing it with material warmth!
I think it's more that these roles seem to prefer studying phenomena from an outside point of view - some believe that by immersing themselves in the culture, they would lose their objectivity (also, this appears to be a particularly difficult culture to immerse oneself in, as by the definition presented in this article, having deep social interactions with a Hikikomori makes him/her less of a Hikikomori).
I think really the key is to work your way into the place where you can relate to the people you're studying, but still understand the person you were before / the status quo.
> (also, this appears to be a particularly difficult culture to immerse oneself in, as by the definition presented in this article, having deep social interactions with a Hikikomori makes him/her less of a Hikikomori)
Anonymous communication doesn't count as "social interactions". Imageboards are where the hikikomori culture thrives. I doubt many would remain hikkis if they were deprived of internet access.
Thanks. The Jupyter Notebook technology is great for us. It's nice that it helps us be transparent, and it's even better that it helps us keep our analysis readable, sharable and organized when it's in development.
Thanks for passing this along. It's very interesting. I just gave it a go with a hefty SQL import to test its power. My database connection string to Amazon RDS, which works locally on my computer, failed. Any idea why?
