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> broken by some government agency or hacker group

Probably not. For browsers to accept this certificate it has to be logged in a certificate transparency log for anyone to see, and no such certificates have been seen to be logged.


Not for long, seemingly.

Depends, I remember some llm providers including this information in the post training. though gemini-3-flash-preview and gpt-5.2 both don't know what model they are.

Reinvested money isn't a cost, so the amount of reinvesting doesn't impact the profit number in their report.


In what country? Of course I do not operate business with milions of income, but investing in Poland is usually a cost. In example buying hardware or paying for servers is an invoice so it is cost of you doing business. Of course it depends on accounting and your taxing method. But yes, your profit in Poland is more or less money you got from clients minus money you paid to someone.


Investment/CAPEX goes to the Balance sheet, not P&L.


Thanks for this great comment!

> He also uses Rice’s theorem (old) to show that there is no uniform measure over the set of "possible universes."

I assume a finite uniform measure? Presumably |set| is a uniform measure over the set of "possible universes".

Anyway if I understood that correctly, than this is not that surprising? There isn't a finite uniform measure over the real line. If you only consider the possible universes of two particles at any distance from eachother, this models the real line and therefore has no finite uniform measure.


Pretty sure this was a thing in the past, but that currently it has to be a court order.


The wikipedia article seems to concur with you, although this seems to be a voluntary policy by CUII, the members could still decide to not wait for any court orders and block whatever they want.


https://netzpolitik.org/2025/die-cuii-gibt-auf-fuer-netzsper...

It's not voluntary anymore, it's required.


> Daher habe die Bundesnetzagentur die CUII gebeten, die Überprüfung mutmaßlich urheberrechtsverletzender Seiten künftig gerichtlich vornehmen zu lassen.

this is not a requirement, they're just asking. The BNetzA just wants to not deal with it apparently.

See also the recent CCC talk: https://media.ccc.de/v/39c3-cuii-wie-konzerne-heimlich-webse...


The cloudflare 15 year cert is one they issue privately and that they only use to authenticate your origin. Cloudflare manages the certificates for connections coming from the web.


Have you heard the good news of Merkle Tree Certificates[1,2]? They include the transparency cryptography directly in the certificate issuance pipeline. This has multiple benefits, one of them being way smaller transparency logs.

1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSP9uT_wBDw A great explainer of how they work and why they're better.

2: https://davidben.github.io/merkle-tree-certs/draft-davidben-... The current working draft


Yep ... Saves about 40%, seen one of the implementations. One of the guys posting here from time to time has a working version.


> # We must reshape X to be a column vector (3,1)

> # or rely on broadcasting rules carefully.

> Z = Y @ X.reshape(3, 1)

Why not use X.transpose()?


Actually, I just tried Y @ X in Numpy and it works just fine.

It's because in Python 1-dimensional arrays are actually a thing, unlike in Matlab. That line of code is a non-example; it is easier to make it work in Python than in Matlab.


The result of `Y @ X` has shape (3,), so the next line (concatenate as columns) fails.

To make `Z` a column vector, we would need something like `Z = (Y @ X)[:,np.newaxis]`.

Although, I'm not sure why the author is using `concatenate` when the more idiomatic function would be stack, so the change you suggest works and is pretty clean:

   Z = Y @ X
   np.stack([Z, Z], axis=1)
   # array([[14, 14],
   #        [32, 32],
   #        [50, 50]])
with convention that vectors are shape (3,) instead of (3,1).


You do realize how many arbitrary words and concepts that are nowhere to be found in “conventional” math there are here, right?

I know what all of these do, but I just can’t shake the feeling that I’m constantly fighting with an actual python. Very aptly named.

I also think it’s more to do with the libraries than with the language, which I actually like the syntax of. But numpy tries to be this highly unopinionated tool that can do everything, and ends up annoying to use anywhere. Matplotlib is even worse, possibly the worst API I’ve ever used.


> To make `Z` a column vector, we would need something like `Z = (Y @ X)[:,np.newaxis]`.

Doesn't just (Y @ X)[None] work? None adding an extra dimension works in practice but I don't know if you're "supposed" to do that


It seems `(Y @ X)[None]` produces a row vector of shape (1,3),

   (Y @ X)[None]
   
   # array([[14, 32, 50]])
   
but `(Y @ X)[None].T` works as you described:

   (Y @ X)[None].T
   
   # array([[14],
   #        [32],
   #        [50]])

I don't know either RE supposed to or not, though I know np.newaxis is an alias for None.


Isn’t X.T still valid? I believe it’s been phased out in pandas but still around in numpy.


It doesn't seem to be the example here, but I know that X.transpose() does not work if X is a (3,) and not a (3,1), which is the common way to present vectors in numpy. MATLAB forcing everything to be at least rank-2 solves a bunch of these headaches.


I thought so too, but it doesn't seem to work since X has shape (3,).

This seems to work,

   Z = Y @ X[:,np.newaxis]
thought it is arguably more complicated than calling the `.reshape(3,1)` method.


> Why not use X.transpose()?

Or just X.T, the shorthand alias for that


I use cloudflare and it's great. It feels like the only registrar that has a business case for at cost domains. Also if you're worried about cloudflare downtime, you can only use them for dns resolution (which hasn't been impacted) and not for proxying.


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